在数据库系统中，MySQL作为最流行的开源关系型数据库之一，广泛应用于企业级应用中。然而，MySQL在高并发场景下可能会出现各种问题，其中**死锁（Deadlock）**是最常见且最难排查的问题之一。死锁会导致数据库事务无法正常提交，进而引发系统性能下降甚至服务中断。本文将深入探讨MySQL死锁的成因、排查方法及处理技巧，帮助企业更好地应对这一挑战。

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一、什么是MySQL死锁？

MySQL死锁是指两个或多个事务在访问共享资源时发生相互等待，导致所有相关事务都无法继续执行的现象。简单来说，当事务A等待事务B释放锁，而事务B又在等待事务A释放锁时，就会形成死锁。

死锁的典型场景

1. 资源竞争：多个事务同时尝试修改同一行数据或同一张表。
2. 锁等待链：事务之间形成了一个锁链，彼此无法释放。
3. 事务隔离级别：高隔离级别（如Serializable）可能导致更多的锁竞争，从而增加死锁概率。

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二、MySQL死锁的常见原因

1. 锁竞争

MySQL支持多种锁类型，包括行锁、表锁和共享锁（S锁）、排他锁（X锁）。当多个事务同时对同一资源加锁时，可能会导致死锁。例如：

• 事务A加行锁（SELECT ... FOR UPDATE）锁定一行数据。
• 事务B尝试对同一行数据加行锁，但需要等待事务A释放锁。
• 事务A又尝试读取事务B加锁的另一行数据，导致事务A和事务B相互等待。

2. 事务隔离级别

事务隔离级别越高，锁的粒度越细，死锁的可能性也越大。例如，在Serializable隔离级别下，事务会锁定更多资源，导致更多的锁竞争。

3. 锁顺序不一致

当多个事务对同一资源加锁时，如果锁的申请顺序不一致，可能会导致死锁。例如：

• 事务A先锁定表A，事务B先锁定表B。
• 事务A尝试锁定表B，事务B尝试锁定表A，导致相互等待。

4. 不合理的事务设计

• 长时间未提交的事务会占用锁资源，导致其他事务无法推进。
• 事务中包含复杂的查询或长时间的计算，增加了锁的竞争时间。

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三、MySQL死锁的排查方法

1. 查看错误日志

MySQL会在错误日志中记录死锁的相关信息。通过查看错误日志，可以快速定位死锁的发生时间和涉及的事务。

示例：

2023-10-01 12:34:56 [ERROR] InnoDB: Deadlock found! Current transaction (23456) was waiting for lock (RECORD锁) held by transaction (7890), which was waiting for lock (RECORD锁) held by transaction (23456).

2. 使用SHOW ENGINE INNODB STATUS

SHOW ENGINE INNODB STATUS命令可以提供详细的InnoDB状态信息，包括最近的死锁日志。

示例：

SHOW ENGINE INNODB STATUS;

输出结果中会包含类似以下信息：```textLATEST DEADLOCK (2023-10-01 12:34:56):

deadlock list{ deadlock victim transaction 23456, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:100, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:200, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:300, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:400, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:500, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:600, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:700, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:800, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:900, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:1000, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:1100, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:1200, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:1300, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:1400, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:1500, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:1600, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:1700, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:1800, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:1900, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:2000, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:2100, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:2200, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:2300, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:2400, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:2500, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:2600, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:2700, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:2800, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:2900, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:3000, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:3100, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:3200, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:3300, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:3400, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:3500, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:3600, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:3700, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:3800, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:3900, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:4000, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:4100, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:4200, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:4300, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:4400, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:4500, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:4600, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:4700, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:4800, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:4900, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:5000, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:5100, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:5200, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:5300, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:5400, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:5500, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:5600, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:5700, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:5800, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:5900, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:6000, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:6100, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:6200, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:6300, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:6400, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:6500, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:6600, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:6700, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:6800, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:6900, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:7000, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:7100, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:7200, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:7300, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:7400, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:7500, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:7600, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:7700, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:7800, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:7900, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:8000, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:8100, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:8200, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:8300, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:8400, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:8500, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:8600, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:8700, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:8800, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:8900, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:9000, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:9100, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:9200, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:9300, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:9400, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:9500, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:9600, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:9700, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:9800, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:9900, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:10000, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:10100, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:10200, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:10300, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:10400, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:10500, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:10600, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:10700, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:10800, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:10900, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:11000, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:11100, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:11200, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:11300, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:11400, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:11500, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:11600, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:11700, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:11800, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:11900, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:12000, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:12100, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:12200, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:12300, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:12400, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:12500, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:12600, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:12700, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:12800, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:12900, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:13000, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:13100, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:13200, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:13300, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:13400, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:13500, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:13600, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:13700, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:13800, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:13900, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:14000, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:14100, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:14200, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:14300, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:14400, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:14500, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:14600, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:14700, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:14800, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:14900, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:15000, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:15100, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:15200, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:15300, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:15400, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:15500, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:15600, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:15700, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:15800, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:15900, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:16000, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:16100, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:16200, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:16300, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:16400, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:16500, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:16600, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:16700, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:16800, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:16900, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:17000, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:17100, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:17200, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:17300, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:17400, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:17500, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:17600, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:17700, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:17800, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:17900, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:18000, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:18100, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:18200, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:18300, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:18400, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:18500, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:18600, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:18700, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:18800, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:18900, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:19000, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:19100, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:19200, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:19300, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:19400, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:19500, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:19600, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:19700, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:19800, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:19900, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:20000, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:20100, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:20200, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:20300, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:20400, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:20500, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:20600, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:20700, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:20800, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:20900, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:21000, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:21100, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:21200, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on table mydb.mytable partition 0 index PRIMARY record 0:21300, waiting for lock: RECORD锁 on

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